Variable and Types

A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. A variable may also be called a data item.

Types:

Qualitative and Quantitative

Qualitative: A qualitative variable, also called a categorical variable, are variables that are not numerical.

Quantitative: On the other hand, have a value and they can be added, subtracted, divided or multiplied.

A discrete variable is one that cannot take on all values within the limits of the variable. For example, responses to a five-point rating scale can only take on the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The variable cannot have the value 1.7. A variable such as a person's height can take on any value.

A continuous variable is a variable that has an infinite number of possible values. In other words, any value is possible for the variable. A continuous variable is the opposite of a discrete variable, which can only take on a certain number of values.

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Frequency Distribution and Data Presentation

A frequency distribution is a table that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample. Organizing Data. 1.Arrange data into an array 2. Decide on the number of classes( k) 3. Calculate the class interval 4. Prepare a tally sheet There are two types of Frequency: Categorical frequency distribution. Grouped frequency distribution. Categorical Frequency Distributions The categorical frequency distribution is used for data that can be placed in specific categories or represent values of a qualitative variable. Grouped Frequency Distributions: When the data are numerical and their range is large, the data must be grouped into classes that are more than one unit in length. Histogram The histogram is an accurate graphical representati...

Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis refers means an educated guess or an assumption that can be tested. Forms of hypothesis: 1. HA- Research hypothesis 2. HO- Null hypothesis HA: Research hypothesis: The research hypothesis is also known as an alternate hypothesis. HA is a statement on which a statistical hypothesis test is set up. HO- Null hypothesis: Null hypothesis is also known as no difference or no relationship, this is used to facilitate testing of research hypothesis Types of hypothesis: · One-tailed- Directional HA: p>0 HO: p<0 · Two-tailed- non-directional HA: p not equal to zero Types of Error: Type 1 Error – Rejection of a true Null hypothesis. Type 2 Error – It may have a false negative finding. Type 1 error is donated by Alpha. Level of significant can reduce...

Population and Sample

A Population comprises of all elements showing the parameters of an individual or objects. Whereas, a Sample is a sub-set of a population showing statistics.

Priyanka Thakur

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